Fundamentals of Business Studies 2025

Unit I Commerce-Introduction Definition of Commerce -Importance?s of Commerce -Meaning of barter system – business-industry – trade- hindrances of trade – branches of Commerce.
Unit II Accounting – Introduction Book-Keeping-Meaning- Definition ? Objectives – Accounting – Meaning ?Definition – Objectives – Importance – Functions – Advantages-Limitations-Methods of Accounting – Single Entry Double Entry-Steps involved indouble entry system – Advantages of double entry system- Meaning of Debit and Credit-Types of Accounts and its rules-Personal Accounts Real Accounts – Nominal Accounts.
Unit III Marketing and Advertising Meaning of Marketing- Definition – Functions of Marketing – Meaning of Consumer?
Standardization and Grading – Pricing ?Kinds of Pricing -AGMARK- ISI- Advertising: Meaning, Characteristics, Advertising Objectives, Advertising Functions Advantages of advertising, Kinds of Advertising, Advertising Media, Kinds of media Unit IV Auditing & Entrepreneurial Development Introduction of Auditing – Origin and Evolution ?Definition – Features of Auditing Objectives of Auditing Advantages of Audit – Limitations of Auditing -Distinction between Auditing & Investigation – Distinction between Accounting & Auditing Basic Principles of Audit – Classification of Audit- Entrepreneurial Development Characteristics of an entrepreneur-Functions of an entrepreneur-Types of an entrepreneur – Problems of Women entrepreneur – Concept of Women Entrepreneurs
Unit V: Income Tax Law and Practice Tax history-Types ? Various Terms in Tax – Exempted Income U/S 10 – Canons of Taxation- Income Tax Authority andAdministration-Slab Rate -Filing of Returns Residential Status.